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The requirements of meeting both the strict literary requirements and the fixed theatrical conventions demanded of the new reforms in the libretti of Opera Seria presented the librettist with a formidable task. Two librettists who came closest to meeting these ideals were Apostolo Zeno and Pietro Trapassi (better known as Pietro Metastasio).

Apostolo Zeno (1668-1750)

Apostolo Zeno is thought to be the greatest of the first generation reform librettists. He took little interest in how his libretti were translated, being more interested in the form. Born in Venice in 1668, Zeno was a poet, librettist, scholar and antiquarian. He became prominent as a poet in 1691 when he aided Giovanni Carlo in founding the Accademia degli Animosi. His main interests included collecting books, manuscripts, medals and coins. His work for the theatre, however, was kept separate from his scholarly activities.

His first libretto was written in 1696. During the following years he produced libretti for the theatres of Venice and Milan. In 1709 Zeno was commissioned by the Hapsburgs to write dramas identifying the monarch’s role as a servant of the state, respect for law and virtues of justice and clemency. Between the years 1718 and 1729 he held the post of court poet in Vienna

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